Tuesday, October 18, 2016

Cycle Tracter


the secret to a cycle tractor is the gear reduction





















With 450lb to 550lbs total combined weight, a cargo bike needs very low gears.

There are a lot of young males that think gears waste energy. If you are racing that maybe true. But for hill climbing or stop-n-go city driving that is simply not the case. If you are obsessed with speed, go to a mental hospital; you need help before you kill yourself.



As you can see from this diagram low gears use less energy. If you are restricting your motor to a single gear, it should be as low as needed for your steepest hill and total combined weight. The brushless motor will still move you faster than that on flat land if it goes up to 1500 watts for a few minutes. So you will need a programmable controller and a speed sensor if you want to make it perfectly legal in our state. And you should use double padded hydraulic disc brakes simply because stopping 450-550lbs at 20mph isn’t easy!!!

Then tell your state law makers to change the e-bike laws so it reads "continuous output power" instead of “maximum output power”. Which would give you the room for peak bursts up hills.

 A 6:1 ratio can be done in a single stage reduction. But a rim pulley may needed, and maybe even make some splash guards to help keep the road grit out of it. In fact if someone wanted to do it right they could just use a single gear hub like in this thread that used a front motorcycle hub to hold the sprocket: https://endless-sphere.com/forums/viewtopic.php?f=28&t=59122&start=75&hilit=skeetab

Even mid-drive kits need lower gearing for this kind of application.

gear down from motor to wheel at this speed.




the motor to use is one with a planetary gear reduction

Cyclone Planitery Gear Reduction Motor



It is nearly impossible to use a single stage reduction with any motor for this application. For 400lbs it would be easier. At 1100rpm it could be done with an 8:1 reduction, but would still need a little more power if you wanted to drive more than 10 to 11 mph up a 9% grade. Well a faster more powerful motor and build a two stage reduction even if it is more expensive. 


                                             


You could use a motor that is rated for a high wattage at a high voltage like 48 then run it at a lower voltage like 36 and it should have a slower RPM. This will create higher amps per volt so the wires need to be thick enough to not over heat. Too bad motor manufacturers don't publish performance graphs at different voltages.


But the easiest way to get enough power yet not too much is just to use a good programmable controller that will keep that large motor down to a reasonable wattage and RPM. You could even find a used motor that would work; just remember that it is very easy to kill your self on a wimpy over powered vehicle with wimpy under powered brakes. I have known at least three people to die because of too much speed on their cycles


If you could add more wire to the motor it would run slower. Howto add more turns to a motor.




http://www.ebikes.ca/tools/simulator.html


















If you generate a graph that shows a better performance at a smaller wheel size than you have, build a gear reduction that changes the simulated wheel size to the tire size you have. Ie: a 16 inch tire is 1.62 of a 26 inch tire (1.62:1) it is ok not be exact.

Finding a motor that will climb your worst hills.
 For people that want to exercise their brains, try this:

 You don't need to understand the graphs, but it does help to compare motors.
Finding a motor with a graph that shows the grade needed at peak efficiency will allow you to climb steeper hills without the motor over heating.

Set the simulator's parameters and choose 'load line' to see if the grade you want to climb is close to the peak efficiency, then do the 'grade and speed' which turns off the throttle value; then Slide the dotted line (with speed on the bottom of it) back farther to see what grade and speed it can climb while keeping it near efficiency peak.

 Check the speed of the wheel with the RPMs. A 12inch wheel is 2.16 of a 26 inch wheel.(2.16:1 ratio), in other words use at least a 2 to 1 ratio for a 26inch wheel if simulated with a 12 inch wheel.
If you want to calculate the most effective gear with math try this: http://commutercycling.blogspot.com/2010/09/war-for-oil.html

The simplest way to motorize a cargo bike is to buy a direct drive hubmotor (because of the narrow profile and slow rpm in the hundreds rather than the thousands), rated for at least 1300-1400 watts output near peak efficiency (see graph). It is impossible to calculate exactly what you need so expect to drive a little slower. Factory made e-bikes can't possibly fit your terrain unless their power systems are custom engineered. 

Then If you think the cops are going to test your vehicle if someone runs into you, just put a label on the motor stating the legal wattage, like 750w; federal law is the easiest to claim ignorance on. In most other country's you will need a very slow gear because they don't let you have enough power to climb hills with cargo on bicycles.

Most motors need about 1200w-1500watts output to drive 450lbs up a 9% grade at a reasonable speed. The law should allow for that (http://commutercycling.blogspot.com/2011/01/blog-post_2907.html). If you think you need to climb those hills faster than 12-14mph, you need to go to a mental hospital before you damage someone.

Using hydraulic disc brakes, and speed sensors connected to you controller, and a crank sensor to turn on the motor, will make any police department happy. I consider them safety equipment.

Find the RPMs at the peak efficiency wattage on the spreadsheet or graph, to build that low gear correctly. The right gear reduction will keep the motor from overheating by increasing the efficiency and wasting less energy as heat, allowing the motor to last 20 years.

Stop-n-go city driving with a hubmotor built into a wheel is like hill climbing in the WRONG GEAR! And mid-drives are already known for wasting human-powered drive-chains under these conditions. So it is very desirable to have a second drive train. Unless you are rich enough to have a second motor instead.

Geared hub-motors are more expensive than 'direct drive'. External belt drives like this will outlast any chain drive system. (http://commutercycling.blogspot.com/2016/03/custom-belt-drive.html) And motorcycle chain-drives will outlast any bicycle chain drive.














The graphs above:

A. This is proof that a higher gear (smaller ratio contrast) will use more power than a lower gear, to climb the same hill at the same speed.

B. Proof that a lower gear (larger ratio reduction) runs cooler and will climb a steeper hill at the same speed as the higher gear.

C. Shows that if the gear ratio is right, there is no exesive heat build up on the same steep grade, even with more wattage. And it is possible to climb an even steeper hill when needed.


D. To compromise for a desired speed: find the wheel size that will give you the desired legal speed, then run the dotted line back to where the red power line crosses the grade line to see the maximum grade. And forward to find the grade it can climb without overheating in the time it will take to climb the hill.

Keep the green line high if possible.
Using such a low speed gear will automatically restrict the top speed, and it may even be a legal top speed. Depending on the motor and gear.










https://endless-sphere.com/forums/
viewtopic.php?f=6&t=26932&start=15#p389622




Starting with efficiency, the frequency of pole switching events has the largest effect at lower speeds. Virtual rotor speed. You can get an idea of that about halfway down in this article:http://www.triketech.com/Drivetrain/PowerAssist/HPV-MAC-V2.html

The Grin simulator is an exceptional tool, when used for comparisons but in the real world one finds their usage often deviates from what they were inputting.

If your looking for hill-boosts. Here are a few numbers to start with:

5MPH on a 5% grade will require 274 watts of output just to lift. At that speed the efficiency will be much higher for a geared vs direct drive nearly double. Less heat to shed.
Required output power is pretty much a linear increase to speed or grade. So at 10 MPH on 5% or 5MPH at 10% just double the watts required. But here is where it gets challenging; how many watts in to get the required output depends on efficiency which also depends on the speed.

Limits. You have a 36V battery that I would assume (LiFePO4) capable of 30A continuous (check, including BMS). That allows a budget of about 1080 watts. If you pedal at about 30-40 watts (overcoming rolling/areo drag) at 7 MPH climbing a 10% grade the efficiency of the MAC12T will be in the 68-71% range; that provides about 750 watts to the ground, and 330 watts to heat. Most typical DD motors will be down in the 50% range and below in the real world.
Trouble is at that speed it won't shed heat fast enough for sustained rides, and you'll be building heat at a rate of about 300 watts. A simple rule to convert that to thermal rise is every watt-hour of heating will raise 1 Lb about 3° F. So that begs the question of how tall is the hill?

Lets work with 100 foot climb increments. 7 MPH @10% will take 97 seconds. 97/3600 = .027 hours, multiply by 300 watts = 8.1 watt-hours = 24 BTU. The stator assembly weighs about 5 Lbs, so 24/5 = about 5° F.


pedal assisted power drive





The crank should drive the motor, if the motor drives the crank your top speed can be much faster than anything legal.

If you can find a motorcycle sprocket adapter that will fit the free-hub body it would be easy to use two chain drives on the cassette side.

  • controller:
  • Sprocket adapter (may need a longer axle or shorter hub to fit)
  • #35 chain
  • Large motorcycle sprocket (to fit the chain)
  • Motor:
  • Throttle:
  • Battery (the most expensive part)
  • Cycle-Analyst power meter
You could use regenerative braking in the rear for your in-place of a break, if you have a good break in the front.




Voloci rear hub w/sprocket on one 
side disc brake rotor on the other


this one is still available
https://osetbikes.com/gb/parts/pre-2015-parts
/hubs/rear-hub-for-16-0-racing-pre-2015/

sprocket bolted on electric bike hub













A #35 chain to the left hand side of the drive wheel is better than a BMX chain. The hard part is figuring out how to mount a large sprocket on the hub and still keep your disc brake.
I think it would be easier to use a belt drive with a large rim pulley on the drive wheel than any kind of drive chain, unless it has a two stage reduction. I could not find a sprocket large enough for a single reduction. But a 12inch child's bike rim makes a good enough pulley for a belt. Then a 1.5” belt pulley on the motor would be close to an 8:1 ratio.
It would be very easy to add sprockets to the right side if you could find an adapter for a light motorcycle sprocket for #35 chain to fit onto a free-hub body behind a 6 or 7speed cassette. Then a ratcheting one-way bearing on the motor, so you don't have to crank the motor when it is off.


And thinking about a greasy chain splashing road crud on a disc rotor, it would be best to use only a belt drive on the left side.



Regenerative braking:

Direct drive hub-motors even just for bicycle use are not a very good option for true cargo hauling ability at least in my experience. For a cargo hauling a manual transmission with manual clutch that allows aggressive downshifting regen braking (and also downshifting for getting those big loads moving or dragging them up hills) is a very good idea. Why do you think the big 18+ wheel tractor trailer rigs still use manual clutch transmissions? In-fact due to the greater downshifting regen braking ability of electric motors compared to IC compression braking the argument for this kind of drive system is even stronger for heavy cargo hauling.


Setting a controller for climbing steep hills with cargo:

Best to probably take a Kelly controller and set the output motor phase end amp limits to the exact same as the battery input side amp limit. That will give you nearly constant stable torque, if that's too low to do the controlled front wheel pop up you desire on take-off then slowly up the output motor phase end amps limit while leaving the battery input side amp limit the same which in each step will increase the bottom end torque slightly and just keep upping it in increments a little at a time until you get the level of bottom end torque that gives you what you want.


Choosing a battery

Try to carry enough battery to keep your discharge rate under 2c.
For 10 amp hour size, that would be a 20 amp controller and about 700 watts.

To keep your self from being ripped off when choosing a battery please read this article!

Lead acid batterys are now costing about the same as lithium-ion per watt-hour and life expectancy. I hope that lead acid will eventually cost much more than the light weight cells; even if they do need to go to the moon to get the lithium materials.

Belt or Sprocket Adapters ???




BIG BLOCK alternative Motor (for a larger motor)




NOTE: The motor wires are color for color on the Lyen controller (post 12 on page 2 of this thread: https://endless-sphere.com/forums/viewtopic.php?f=28&t=59122&start=25)





http://www.bicycledesigner.com/48t-motorized-bicycle-sprocket.html





Best thing to do is to use a large sprocket like this one and just bolt it onto a large sprocket from a used cassette, or possibly two. then use a smaller cassete for the leg powered chain. 










sprocket calculator







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1 comment:

  1. IsseOctober 11, 2019 at 1:10 PM

    It is an amazing article. It’s helping me a lot to understanding the whole solition.
    Thanks a lot for the effort putting to write this entire website.
    Isse

    ReplyDelete

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